Effects of the Mongol Empire on Europe

In 1211, Genghis Khan (1167-1227) and his nomadic armies burst out from Mongolia and swiftly conquered most of Eurasia. The Great Khan died in 1227, but his sons and grandsons continued the expansion of the Mongol Empire across Central Asia, China, the Middle East, and into Europe.   Key Takeaways: Genghis Khan's Impact on Europe The spread of the bubonic plague from Central Asia into Europe decimated the populations but increased opportunities for the survivors.  Ã‚  An enormous variety of new consumer goods, agriculture, weaponry, religion, and medical science became available in Europe.  New diplomatic channels between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East were opened.  Russia became unified for the first time.   Starting in 1236, Genghis Khans third son, Ogodei, decided to conquer as much of Europe as he could. By 1240, the Mongols had control of what is now Russia and Ukraine, seizing Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary over the next few years. The Mongols also tried to capture Poland and Germany, but Ogodeis death in 1241 and the succession struggle that followed distracted them from this mission. In the end, the Mongols Golden Horde ruled over a vast swath of eastern Europe, and rumors of their approach terrified western Europe, but they went no farther west than Hungary. At their height, the rulers of the Mongol Empire conquered, occupied, and controlled more than twice the amount of land and twice the population as any other family in human history.   Shepherd, William. Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain The Mongol Invasion of Europe Reports of the Mongol attacks terrified Europe. The Mongols increased their empire using swift and decisive attacks with an armed and disciplined cavalry. They wiped out the populations of some entire towns that resisted, as was their usual policy, depopulating some regions and confiscating the crops and livestock from others. This type of total warfare spread panic even among Europeans not directly affected by the Mongol onslaught and sent refugees fleeing westward. Perhaps even more importantly, the Mongol conquest of central Asia and eastern Europe allowed a deadly disease — the bubonic plague — to travel from its home range in western China and Mongolia to Europe along newly-restored trade routes. The bubonic plague was endemic to fleas that live on marmots in the steppes of eastern central Asia, and the Mongol hordes inadvertently brought those fleas across the continent, unleashing the plague on Europe. Between 1300 and 1400, the Black Death killed about 35 percent of Chinas people, its population dropping from 115 million to 75 million. In Europe, an estimated 25 percent of the people died, decreased the population from an estimated 79 million to 60 million.   Positive Effects of the Mongols Although the Mongol invasion of Europe sparked terror and disease, in the long run, it had enormous positive impacts.  The foremost was what historians call the Pax Mongolica, a century of peace (circa 1280-1360) among neighboring peoples who were all under Mongol rule. This peace allowed for the reopening of the Silk Road trading routes between China and Europe, increasing cultural exchange and wealth all along the trade paths. Central Asia was a region that had always been important to overland trade between China and the West. As the region became stable under the Pax Mongolica, trade became less risky under the various empires, and as cross-cultural interactions became more and more intensive and extensive, more and more goods were traded.   Spread of Technology Within the Pax Mongolica, the sharing of knowledge, information, and cultural identity was encouraged. Citizens could legally become followers of Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Taoism, or anything else — as long as their practice didnt interfere with the political ambitions of the Khan. The Pax Mongolica also allowed monks, missionaries, traders, and explorers to travel along the trade routes. One famous example is the Venetian trader and explorer Marco Polo, who traveled to the court of Genghis Khans grandson Kublai Khan (Quibilai) at Xanadu in China.   Some of the most fundamental ideas and technologies in the world — papermaking, printing, and gunpowder manufacturing, among many others — made their way across Asia via the Silk Road. Migrants, merchants, explorers, pilgrims, refugees, and soldiers brought along with them their disparate religious and cultural ideas and domesticated animals, plants, flowers, vegetables, and fruit as they joined this gigantic cross-continental exchange. As historian Ma Debin describes it, the Silk Road was the original melting pot, the lifeline of the Eurasian continent. Effects of the Mongol Conquest Before the Mongol Empire, Europeans and Chinese were largely unaware of the others existence. Trade established along the Silk Road in the first centuries B.C.E. had become rare, dangerous, and unpredictable. Long-distance trade, human migration, and imperial expansion actively engaged people in different societies in significant cross-cultural interactions. Afterward, interactions between the two were not only possible but encouraged.  Ã‚   Diplomatic contacts and religious missions were established over vast distances. Islamic merchants helped gain a footing for their faith at the extreme ends of the Eastern Hemisphere, spreading from southeast Asia and west Africa and across northern India and Anatolia.   Alarmed, western Europeans and the Mongol rulers of China sought a diplomatic alliance with one another against the Muslims in southwest Asia. Europeans sought to convert Mongols to Christianity and establish a Christian community in China. The Mongols saw the spread as a threat. Neither of these initiatives was successful, but the opening of political channels made a substantive difference.   Transfer of Scientific Knowledge The entire overland route of the Silk Road witnessed a vigorous revival under the Pax Mongolica. Its rulers actively worked to ensure the safety of the trade routes, building effective post stations and rest stops, introducing the use of paper money and eliminating artificial trade barriers. By 1257, Chinese raw silk appeared in the silk-producing area of Italy, and in the 1330s, a single merchant sold thousands of pounds of silk in Genoa.   The Mongolians absorbed scientific knowledge from Persia, India, China, and Arabia. Medicine became one of the many areas of life and culture that flourished under Mongol rule. Keeping an army healthy was vital, so they created hospitals and training centers to encourage the exchange and expansion of medical knowledge. As a result, China employed doctors from India and the Middle East, all of which was communicated to European centers. Kublai Khan founded an institution for the study of Western medicine. The Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247-1318) published the first known book on Chinese medicine outside China in 1313. Unification of Russia The Golden Hordes occupation of eastern Europe also unified Russia. Prior to the period of Mongol rule, the Russian people were organized into a series of small self-governing city-states, the most notable being Kiev. In order to throw off the Mongol yoke, the Russian-speaking peoples of the region had to unite. In 1480, the Russians — led by the Grand Duchy of Moscow (Muscovy) — managed to defeat and expel the Mongols. Although Russia has since been invaded several times by the likes of Napoleon Bonaparte and the German Nazis, it has never again been conquered. The Beginnings of Modern Fighting Tactics One final contribution that the Mongols made to Europe is difficult to categorize as good or bad. The Mongols introduced two deadly Chinese inventions — guns and gunpowder — to the West. The new weaponry sparked a revolution in European fighting tactics, and the many warring states of Europe all strove over the following centuries to improve their firearms technology. It was a constant, multisided arms race, which heralded the end of knightly combat and the beginning of modern standing armies. In the centuries to come, European states would muster their new and improved guns first for piracy, to seize control over parts of the oceangoing silk and spices trade, and then eventually to impose European colonial rule over much of the world. Ironically, the Russians used their superior firepower in the 19th and 20th centuries to conquer many of the lands that had been part of the Mongol Empire, including outer Mongolia where Genghis Khan was born. Sources   Bentley, Jerry H. Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History. The American Historical Review, Vol. 101, No. 3, Oxford University Press, JSTOR, June 1996. Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. Asia, Central, Steppes. Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Academic Press, ScienceDirect, 2008. Di Cosmo, Nicola. Black Sea Emporia and the Mongol Empire: A Reassessment of the Pax Mongolica. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 53: Issue 1-2, Brill, January 1, 2009. Flynn, Dennis O. (Editor). Pacific Centuries: Pacific and Pacific Rim Economic History since the 16th Century. Routledge Explorations in Economic History, Lionel Frost (Editor), A.J.H. Latham (Editor), 1st Edition, Routledge, February 10, 1999. Ma, Debin. The Great Silk Exchange: How the World Was Connected and Developed. CiteSeer, The College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, 2019. Pederson, Neil. Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia. Amy E. Hessl, Nachin Baatarbileg, et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, March 25, 2014. Perdue, Peter C. Boundaries, Maps, and Movement: Chinese, Russian, and Mongolian Empires in Early Modern Central Eurasia. Volume 20, 1998 - Issue 2, The International History Review, Informa UK Limited, December 1, 2010. Safavi-Abbasi, S. The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire. Neurosurg Focus, Brasiliense LB, Workman RK, et al., National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2007, Bethesda MD.

Civil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement - 1099 Words

What does it mean to be civil disobedient people have many different interpretations of it? To be civil disobedient is to refuse to follow certain laws or to not pay any taxes or fines. It is a form of peaceful political protest you are trying to get someone s attention, in this case, the government. You are trying to make them listen to you and when they do not listen you do not do what they say. That’s what Thoreau did he grabbed their attention the only way he knows how he criticized their policies and did not pay taxes. He wanted to no part of the government and their actions he dissociated himself from them. He believes when the government or law is unjust people should refuse to follow the rule. And distance them. I believe civil disobedience has come a long way, but it is still to me the same thing when it was first mentioned. It Is expressed in certain American literature and throughout history, such as the civil rights movement. Civil disobedience still has the same meaning it had before throughout all these years. It s been relevant before and is more so now especially in our own country and in literature. On the news, you see protests hopping over civil rights like in Ferguson and with the bringing down of the confederate flag by Bree Newsome. Martian Luther King’s â€Å"Letter From A Birmingham Jail† show what they did and why they did it. They did what they had to do because they believed it was the right thing and it changed history and our own lives.Show MoreRelatedCivil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement867 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, King and many of his followers and fellow activists deeply followed the path of non-violent protest, otherwise known as civil disobedience. After being arrested during the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, King received a series of critiques from fellow clergymen stating their disapproval of his actions. Of course, Ki ng addressed a letter, now more commonly known as â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, to his critics as well as the nation in order to defend his ideology. ThoughRead MoreCivil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement881 Words   |  4 PagesIn Thoreau s essay Civil Disobedience he makes the point that bystanders are just as bad as criminals and that people should stand against unjust crimes even if it means going against the law. And to some extent I do agree because in the past people have broken unjust laws and have created change. A well-known example would be when Rosa Parks sat on the bus in the White-only seating area, which lead to important events that helped push the Civil Rights movement forward. But I think that it dependsRead MoreThe Role Of Civil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement1503 Words   |  7 PagesRanging from peaceful marches to powerful acts of civil disobedience, not only in the United States but in Central American countries such as Nicar agua. This being said, civil protests and peaceful demonstrations were not necessarily more successful in exuding change than pieces of legislation but moreso acted as a catalyst for social change, leading towards legislation that would positively impact those who protested. The concept of civil disobedience and peaceful demonstration acting as a catalystRead MoreWhat Makes A Breach Of Law An Act Of Civil Disobedience?1383 Words   |  6 Pagesact of civil disobedience? When is civil disobedience morally justified?† These are the basic questions that are asked when dealing with civil disobedience. According to John Rawls, civil disobedience is a nonviolent breach of laws by the public in order to reform or change laws or government policies. But Rawls’ concept of civil disobedience is too narrow. This raises many questions. Why should civil disobedience be non-violent? Why does the public play a large role in civil disobedience? This paperRead MoreThe Need For Civil Di sobedience Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesTo grasp the meaning of Civil Disobedience one would have to say that it means the refusal to obey the civil laws so that the government can change the policy or legislation, characterized by the use of. I have read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience and the obligation that your conscience mind follows and in reading this it states that people should not let the governments overrule or atrophy their consciences and that we as people are obligated to not allow the government to make them agentsRead MoreAffirmative Case : Civil Disobedience1328 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Case: Civil Disobedience Mahatma Gandhi once stated, â€Å"Non-cooperation with evil is as much a duty as cooperation with good.† Because I agree I must affirm the resolution that reads, â€Å"Resolved: Civil disobedience in a democracy is morally justified.† Affirming achieves the value of ‘morality,’ defined from Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary as,† The quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct† My value criterion is a legitimate government for all. A democraticRead MoreEssay on Civil Disobedience1532 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Civil disobedience is the term assigned to actions taken by individuals to sway public opinion about laws that individuals deem unfair or unjust. Actions taken are usually nonviolent, and can include sit-ins, mass demonstrations, picket lines, and marches. Citizens are acting on their consciences, demonstrating highly advanced moral reasoning skills. Generally, these advanced skills fall into Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development, Stage Five and Six in particular. Characteristics ofRead MoreCivil Disobedience And The Apartheid1428 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout history, civil disobedience has been used to bring about change across a wide variety of civil rights issues. In India, Mahatma Gandhi used civil disobedience to nonviolently protest against the British Raj and, after a thirty-year struggle, earn independence both for himself and his people. In the United States, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. employed civil disobedience to overcome both the Jim Crow laws that had oppressed the African-American minority and the systemic racism that wasRead MoreCivil Disobedience: Cost of Change1469 Words   |  6 Pages2013 Civil Disobedience: The cost of change More than 40,000 strong activists from the Sierra Club protested at the White House to reject the Keystone XL Pipeline proposal. They protested because they the extraction of tar sand oil and moving it from Canada to Texas will pollute the groundwater in the surface (Hammel). Civil disobedience is â€Å"the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power† (Civil Disobedience). ThroughoutRead MoreBreaking the Law or Civil Desobedience Essay example1642 Words   |  7 Pagescreate a just, moral change. Whenever a law is deemed unjust, there is good reason for breaking it to achieve justice. Civil Disobedience will never be legal and those who employ it should be willing to accept the penalty that comes with breaking a law. It has been shown through historic cases, modern examples, and the core values of a democratic society that show Civil Disobedience not only works, but should be used as a tool to demonstrate the moral objectives that are being sought. Considering some

Abolition of the Death Penalty Free Essays

Jeremy Brooks Suzanne Gerbasi Coms 101-37 10/30/12 Persuasive Speech Topic: Abolition of the Death Penalty General Purpose: To Persuade Specific purpose: To persuade my audience that we should abolish the death penalty in California. Central Idea: The death penalty should be abolished because of the inefficiency of the legal system, its high economic cost, and its moral implications. I. We will write a custom essay sample on Abolition of the Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction When I joined the current debate team in high school, I knew I would have to learn to respect and accept points of view different than my own. Arguing both sides of a hot topic taught me to value the merit of my opposition’s points. With much research and an open-mind, I even came to change my opinions on many issues—including my support of California’s death penalty. After getting down to brass tacks and really looking at the facts, I concluded that the negatives far outweigh any positives of the death penalty. Along with the extremely high costs, it uses up countless hours of court time and often discriminates against certain groups of people. While other countries have moved forward and outlawed this practice, we remain clinging to an idea that is no longer practical or ethical in today’s world. California needs to abolish the death penalty and save our time, tax dollars, and innocent people’s lives. You would think that keeping someone alive for the rest of their life would be a greater financial burden then simply condemning them to their death, right? Wrong. In this counter-intuitive situation, executing a person is a much more complicated process than it seems. When you add up the costs of pre-trial legalities, the actual trials themselves, appeal court cases, and the necessary incarceration of convicts in maximum-security prisons, the total has robbed Californians of an exorbitant amount of money. Exactly how much is that? Well, a study by Judge Arthur Alarcon and Prof. Paula Mitchell  concluded that the death penalty in California has cost us more than $4 billion since 1978. Furthermore, according to the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, the death penalty policy is currently costing our state at least $137 million each year. Now compare this to the cost of a life without parole system-which would only cost the state $11. 5 million a year. Do the math; a switch to this kind of system would save more than $125 million dollars annually- that isn’t mere pocket change. Now let’s take a look at how well the death penalty works in practice. To give you a picture of how inefficient California’s death penalty system is, according to the Death Penalty Information Center- 86% of inmates die from other causes before they can be executed. This is because inmates spend their time appealing, finding expert witnesses, and looking for loopholes in the system to drag out the court process. This takes up the valuable time of our limited resources of qualified judges and lawyers. By switching to a system that gives convicted felons life without parole, we would bring inmates to a similar standard of other prisoners convicted of serious felonies. This would restore valuable court time to judges and lawyers while still making sure that the lawbreakers are given the punishment they deserve. So what happens when it actually comes to executing people? The death penalty has proven to be unfairly biased in many ways by the human rights organization Amnesty International. First of all, it is racially biased. Amnesty International’s research has found that, â€Å"Since 1977, the overwhelming majority of death row defendants (77%) have been executed for killing white victims, even though African-Americans make up about half of all homicide victims. † Secondly, the death penalty doesn’t take mental illness into account. Therefore, dozens of prisoners have been executed despite their disabilities. Third, most people sentenced to death cannot afford to hire their own attorney. This means the state has to provide them with an unmotivated lawyer who will not likely present his best case possible. In addition, political factors, chance, and location can all decide whether a person lives or dies. Do we really want to make such an important decision- condemning a person to death- when such arbitrary conditions are present? Take into account that I have not even mentioned up to now the many times we have gotten it wrong and executed or had to release innocent victims. Amnesty reports that more than 140 people have been cleared from crimes after being sentenced to die. I certainly don’t want that hanging over my conscience. To be fair, since I have said why we should abolish the death penalty I suppose it is fair to give the two main arguments in favor of the death penalty a chance. One main reason I hear people say they support the death penalty is because it is a deterrent that scares people into cooperating. However, there is no evidence to suggest that this is true. In fact, there is evidence to support that opposite. FBI data shows that the states without a death penalty have lower homicide rates on average. Also, most homicides happen on a whim- meaning the killer probably isn’t clearly thinking through the consequences of his or her actions at the time of the crime. The other argument I hear is that it is cheaper to kill someone than take care of him or her until they die. Based on the data I provided earlier we know this is false. With a strong case for the abolition of the death penalty in California, it is time to let you know what you can do to make this happen. Besides educating your friends, protesting the death penalty, and joining nonprofit organizations like Amnesty International, the most effective step you can take today to stop the death penalty is mark a yes on your ballot next to Proposition 34. Prop 34 would change our flawed policy to the life without parole option I mentioned. This would save valuable court time, taxpayers’ dollars, and ensure that we aren’t being racially biased or murdering innocent people. Any way you look at it, the death penalty needs to die. How to cite Abolition of the Death Penalty, Papers

Servant Leadership and Serving Culture †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Servant Leadership and Serving Culture. Answer: Introduction: A large number of initiatives can be taken by an organization to improve communication. The first one would be creating an environment marked by open communication in which all the members of the organization are given liberty to share their feedback as well as any criticisms against particular concerns and issues. They should also be allowed to share interesting creative and innovative ideas which often lead to successful outcome. Such an open communication environment will help in building trust and relationship. For example, if there is a conflict, the manager would call a meeting and ask all of them to clear their views, so a matter of transparency is maintained (Higg et al., 2016). Secondly, the organizations can also employ an inclusive communication strategy where all members are advised to take part in decision making process. This encourages them to deliver more productivity. Further, introducing a two-way communication is very important which will work both vertically and h orizontally. Not only seniors but also junior levels employees should have the authority to pass on information to their respective seniors. Moreover, they should make sure that the business communication has to be result oriented which will focus on acquiring fruitful results of the organization. Lastly, the organization should make use of several channels to make sure that information reached to every individual employee perfectly. These would include making proper channels like face to face conversations, meetings, posting of memos, interacting via telephones, faxes, emails, social networking sites and others. The other important strategy would be to conduct proper training where the individuals would be taught of the advantages of effective listening, delivering messages actively and honestly in an open yet gracious manners (Bunting, 2016). Being undemanding and clear-cut without being rude is very important. Communicating objectives and goal, making internal communication frien dly are very important strategies. Other includes conducting virtual meetings and managing any communication issues with proper guidance and training are important. For example, global organizational are extensively using virtual meeting over the internet in the maintenance of the work flow, taking decisions and others. There are certain differences which can be noted by the leaders and managers. Leaders are individuals who create visions, but managers are those who create goals. Leaders inspire and engage team members in turning visions into reality providing them with enthusiasm to think of and be a part of something challenging and new. Managers focus on setting goals and thereby help in measuring and achieving the goals. Secondly, when managers are considered to be the status quo, where they try to maintain the natural flow of work in the present status keeping the flow disinterested, the leaders mainly act as change agents where they embrace the strategy of innovation. Moreover, leaders are unique where they are self-aware and work actively to build their unique and unique and differentiated personal brands. They maintain transparency and are authentic. Managers are mainly seen to mimic the competencies as well as various behaviours which they learn from different individuals and thereby adopt their style of working accordingly (Bolman Deal, 2014). When leaders are known to take risks, managers are known to control risks. When leaders build relationships and mainly coach, managers build systems and processes and thereby direct the employees. Leadership mainly incorporates the attributes of change and leading people with followers. Management mainly maintains the stability of work and helps in managing work with subordinates. Leadership has long-term horizons where visions are set along a setting of direction. Management usually follows short team procedures with objectives where planning of details is done. Researchers suggest that leadership is a passion having personal charisma where cultures are shaped, and working style is proactive. Management, on the other hand, is more controlling with the exhibition of formal authority and enacting the culture with reactive work output (Long, 2017). Researchers are of the opinion that executive leadership and their support are exclusively essential for success and committing to do their part to stabilize the followers in the new organizational changed setup. Organizational changes lead to the development of a complex and dynamic environment which often becomes difficult and sudden for the employees to get adapt to it. Therefore, leaders play an important role in these situations. The first role played by them is sponsoring. They serve the role of advocates for the modifications and changes at their level in the organization. These individuals mainly take the role of representatives who kept the change in form to the team members (Jordan, 2015). While acting as sponsor, he would not let the initiatives die from lack of attention. He is always showing eagerness to make use of the political capital in order to make the change happen. In addition, a leader acts as a role model and demonstrates behaviors and attitudes which are expec ted from everyone else. By observing his ways of adaptability and the developed working styles, the employees will gradually adapt themselves and follow his footsteps for developing success and higher productivity. Employees observe the leaders for consistency between words and actions to see if the changing of their style is really providing them with benefits. Leaders hold important positions in managing and controlling resources, budgets and equipments and others. Using organizational change, leaders must influence their decision making authority and thereby choose options which will support initiatives. They are decisive and thereby can set properties that support change. Further, it is to be noted that leaders become the face as well as the voice of change participating in the effective communication. They communicate with the employees to share new information about the changes in the organization and keep people updated and offer encouragement. During the organizational chang e, different rumors and wrong information start circulating that may make the morale of the employees down. Therefore leaders play an important role in communicating the main working styles required, new initiatives, the way they would be benefitted and solve their concerns. At the end, it is to be highlighted that leaders also provide the motivation of the employees to change their mind set, develop now mindset and perspectives and get involved in the organization. Servant leadership is mainly described as the leadership of philosophy and is believed to be extremely impactful for the present generations. Unlike the traditional leadership where the main leaders experience the power by being at the top of the pyramid, servant leadership mainly believes of sharing the power and thereby putting the needs of the others first and helping individuals in developing their capabilities as high as possible. The main motive of the leadership is to serve the employees where the other leadership styles encourage the workers to serve the leader. As in this type of leadership, leaders are found to shift their mindset and serve first; they help in unlocking purpose and ingenuity in those around them (Liden et al., 2014). This results in higher performance and engaged and also fulfils the expectations of the employees. The important trait of servant leadership is listening, empathy as well as healing. They perfume awareness and persuasion along with conceptualiz ation and foresight. Besides, stewardship, commitment to growth of people and building community is also important. They are relevant as it states putting aside ego and helps in focusing on the needs of the employees without promoting self. Others are unity over divisions, power form paradox, listening and learning and spreading and sharing power which develops a working environment where each employees potential is expressed. Leadership can be defined as the capability of individuals to guide other individuals, teams and other organizations helping the team to achieve certain objectives and goals by providing the best strategies to follow and overcome barriers, reaching high potential. Autocratic leadership style believes practising complete authority over the employees without making employees participate in different decision making process (McClesky, 2014). Leaders take their own decisions and do not believe in developing a relationship with the employees. The next is a democratic relationship where leaders encourage subordinates contributions in decision making process and also believe in providing authority to responsible employees. Here communication is active, downward and upward. Transformational leadership helps in initiating change by motivating employees and empowers them in such a way that they get boosted to work beyond their capabilities and potential. Cross-cultural leadership mainly causes the leaders to maintain a working environment by developing strong bonds within employees of a different culture without the raise of any conflicts and encouraging all to input their own working styles according to their transitions. Laissez-faire leadership allows the employees to work as they choose to work with minimal or no interference. Transactional leadership involves an exchange process where employees are published or rewarded as they perform. Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Employs rewards and punishments for motivating workers Employs charisma and enthusiasm to inspire his followers Puts importance on relationship with followers (Dumdum et al., 2013) Puts emphasis on values, ideals, morals and needs of followers reactive proactive bureaucratic charismatic Environment is settled Environment is turbulent Similarity: The main similarity between the two leadership styles is their importance on motivating employees. Although their ways to motivate employees are different, but motivation is a component found in both the styles. Four important features of bureaucracy can be observed. The first one is a division of labor. Each and every organization should have different sets of people doing different sets of a job with proper role clarity so that there is no overlapping of work or missing out of jobs. The second aspect is a hierarchal authority. A true bureaucracy will need to have a proper chain of demands where set lines of authority should be present. Here each person in the bureaucracy should know whom to report and whose commands they should maintain. In this respect it is to be stated that there should be rules and regulations. There should be a set of rules which is needed to be followed. Managers can never make up rules and change them form one day to another. Bureaucracy is also impersonal (Dunleavy, 2014). This means rules and regulations as well as the disciplines and work cultures are needed to be followed by everyone on a similar rate and should not be violated by anyone due to having relationsh ips with any higher authority. Similarly, penalties and punishments should be equal for all. Another is competence and qualification. Here the employees will be hired or promoted based solely on what they know their performance. Maslows hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory which mainly comprises of five important tiers of human needs. These needs need to be fulfilled by an individual to be motivated to accomplish tasks in lives. These are the biological needs which involve biological and physiological needs like air, food, warmth, sex and sleep (Niemela Kim, 2014). Secondly is the safety needs of protection form elements, security, order, law. Third is love and belongingness. The fourth is esteem needs and the self actualization needs. References: Bolman, L., Deal, T. (2014). Leadership and management.Christian Youth Work in Theory and Practice: A Handbook, 245. Bunting, M. (2016).The Mindful Leader: 7 Practices for Transforming Your Leadership, Your Organisation and Your Life. John Wiley Sons. Dumdum, U. R., Lowe, K. B., Avolio, B. J. (2013). A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership correlates of effectiveness and satisfaction: An update and extension. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 39-70). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Dunleavy, P. (2014).Democracy, bureaucracy and public choice: Economic approaches in political science. Routledge. Higgs, M., Dulewicz, V. (2016). Leading with Emotional Intelligence.Springer International Publishing, 75-103. Jordan, P. J. (2015). The relationship between organisational culture, transformational leadership and organisational change outcomes in private intensive care units. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1). Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance.Academy of Management Journal,57(5), 1434-1452. Long, A. (2017). Leadership and management.ABC of Clinical Leadership, 5. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Niemela, P. and Kim, S., 2014. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research(pp. 3843-3846). Springer Netherlands.