Effects of the Mongol Empire on Europe

In 1211, Genghis Khan (1167-1227) and his nomadic armies burst out from Mongolia and swiftly conquered most of Eurasia. The Great Khan died in 1227, but his sons and grandsons continued the expansion of the Mongol Empire across Central Asia, China, the Middle East, and into Europe.   Key Takeaways: Genghis Khan's Impact on Europe The spread of the bubonic plague from Central Asia into Europe decimated the populations but increased opportunities for the survivors.  Ã‚  An enormous variety of new consumer goods, agriculture, weaponry, religion, and medical science became available in Europe.  New diplomatic channels between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East were opened.  Russia became unified for the first time.   Starting in 1236, Genghis Khans third son, Ogodei, decided to conquer as much of Europe as he could. By 1240, the Mongols had control of what is now Russia and Ukraine, seizing Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary over the next few years. The Mongols also tried to capture Poland and Germany, but Ogodeis death in 1241 and the succession struggle that followed distracted them from this mission. In the end, the Mongols Golden Horde ruled over a vast swath of eastern Europe, and rumors of their approach terrified western Europe, but they went no farther west than Hungary. At their height, the rulers of the Mongol Empire conquered, occupied, and controlled more than twice the amount of land and twice the population as any other family in human history.   Shepherd, William. Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain The Mongol Invasion of Europe Reports of the Mongol attacks terrified Europe. The Mongols increased their empire using swift and decisive attacks with an armed and disciplined cavalry. They wiped out the populations of some entire towns that resisted, as was their usual policy, depopulating some regions and confiscating the crops and livestock from others. This type of total warfare spread panic even among Europeans not directly affected by the Mongol onslaught and sent refugees fleeing westward. Perhaps even more importantly, the Mongol conquest of central Asia and eastern Europe allowed a deadly disease — the bubonic plague — to travel from its home range in western China and Mongolia to Europe along newly-restored trade routes. The bubonic plague was endemic to fleas that live on marmots in the steppes of eastern central Asia, and the Mongol hordes inadvertently brought those fleas across the continent, unleashing the plague on Europe. Between 1300 and 1400, the Black Death killed about 35 percent of Chinas people, its population dropping from 115 million to 75 million. In Europe, an estimated 25 percent of the people died, decreased the population from an estimated 79 million to 60 million.   Positive Effects of the Mongols Although the Mongol invasion of Europe sparked terror and disease, in the long run, it had enormous positive impacts.  The foremost was what historians call the Pax Mongolica, a century of peace (circa 1280-1360) among neighboring peoples who were all under Mongol rule. This peace allowed for the reopening of the Silk Road trading routes between China and Europe, increasing cultural exchange and wealth all along the trade paths. Central Asia was a region that had always been important to overland trade between China and the West. As the region became stable under the Pax Mongolica, trade became less risky under the various empires, and as cross-cultural interactions became more and more intensive and extensive, more and more goods were traded.   Spread of Technology Within the Pax Mongolica, the sharing of knowledge, information, and cultural identity was encouraged. Citizens could legally become followers of Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Taoism, or anything else — as long as their practice didnt interfere with the political ambitions of the Khan. The Pax Mongolica also allowed monks, missionaries, traders, and explorers to travel along the trade routes. One famous example is the Venetian trader and explorer Marco Polo, who traveled to the court of Genghis Khans grandson Kublai Khan (Quibilai) at Xanadu in China.   Some of the most fundamental ideas and technologies in the world — papermaking, printing, and gunpowder manufacturing, among many others — made their way across Asia via the Silk Road. Migrants, merchants, explorers, pilgrims, refugees, and soldiers brought along with them their disparate religious and cultural ideas and domesticated animals, plants, flowers, vegetables, and fruit as they joined this gigantic cross-continental exchange. As historian Ma Debin describes it, the Silk Road was the original melting pot, the lifeline of the Eurasian continent. Effects of the Mongol Conquest Before the Mongol Empire, Europeans and Chinese were largely unaware of the others existence. Trade established along the Silk Road in the first centuries B.C.E. had become rare, dangerous, and unpredictable. Long-distance trade, human migration, and imperial expansion actively engaged people in different societies in significant cross-cultural interactions. Afterward, interactions between the two were not only possible but encouraged.  Ã‚   Diplomatic contacts and religious missions were established over vast distances. Islamic merchants helped gain a footing for their faith at the extreme ends of the Eastern Hemisphere, spreading from southeast Asia and west Africa and across northern India and Anatolia.   Alarmed, western Europeans and the Mongol rulers of China sought a diplomatic alliance with one another against the Muslims in southwest Asia. Europeans sought to convert Mongols to Christianity and establish a Christian community in China. The Mongols saw the spread as a threat. Neither of these initiatives was successful, but the opening of political channels made a substantive difference.   Transfer of Scientific Knowledge The entire overland route of the Silk Road witnessed a vigorous revival under the Pax Mongolica. Its rulers actively worked to ensure the safety of the trade routes, building effective post stations and rest stops, introducing the use of paper money and eliminating artificial trade barriers. By 1257, Chinese raw silk appeared in the silk-producing area of Italy, and in the 1330s, a single merchant sold thousands of pounds of silk in Genoa.   The Mongolians absorbed scientific knowledge from Persia, India, China, and Arabia. Medicine became one of the many areas of life and culture that flourished under Mongol rule. Keeping an army healthy was vital, so they created hospitals and training centers to encourage the exchange and expansion of medical knowledge. As a result, China employed doctors from India and the Middle East, all of which was communicated to European centers. Kublai Khan founded an institution for the study of Western medicine. The Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247-1318) published the first known book on Chinese medicine outside China in 1313. Unification of Russia The Golden Hordes occupation of eastern Europe also unified Russia. Prior to the period of Mongol rule, the Russian people were organized into a series of small self-governing city-states, the most notable being Kiev. In order to throw off the Mongol yoke, the Russian-speaking peoples of the region had to unite. In 1480, the Russians — led by the Grand Duchy of Moscow (Muscovy) — managed to defeat and expel the Mongols. Although Russia has since been invaded several times by the likes of Napoleon Bonaparte and the German Nazis, it has never again been conquered. The Beginnings of Modern Fighting Tactics One final contribution that the Mongols made to Europe is difficult to categorize as good or bad. The Mongols introduced two deadly Chinese inventions — guns and gunpowder — to the West. The new weaponry sparked a revolution in European fighting tactics, and the many warring states of Europe all strove over the following centuries to improve their firearms technology. It was a constant, multisided arms race, which heralded the end of knightly combat and the beginning of modern standing armies. In the centuries to come, European states would muster their new and improved guns first for piracy, to seize control over parts of the oceangoing silk and spices trade, and then eventually to impose European colonial rule over much of the world. Ironically, the Russians used their superior firepower in the 19th and 20th centuries to conquer many of the lands that had been part of the Mongol Empire, including outer Mongolia where Genghis Khan was born. Sources   Bentley, Jerry H. Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History. The American Historical Review, Vol. 101, No. 3, Oxford University Press, JSTOR, June 1996. Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. Asia, Central, Steppes. Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Academic Press, ScienceDirect, 2008. Di Cosmo, Nicola. Black Sea Emporia and the Mongol Empire: A Reassessment of the Pax Mongolica. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 53: Issue 1-2, Brill, January 1, 2009. Flynn, Dennis O. (Editor). Pacific Centuries: Pacific and Pacific Rim Economic History since the 16th Century. Routledge Explorations in Economic History, Lionel Frost (Editor), A.J.H. Latham (Editor), 1st Edition, Routledge, February 10, 1999. Ma, Debin. The Great Silk Exchange: How the World Was Connected and Developed. CiteSeer, The College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, 2019. Pederson, Neil. Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia. Amy E. Hessl, Nachin Baatarbileg, et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, March 25, 2014. Perdue, Peter C. Boundaries, Maps, and Movement: Chinese, Russian, and Mongolian Empires in Early Modern Central Eurasia. Volume 20, 1998 - Issue 2, The International History Review, Informa UK Limited, December 1, 2010. Safavi-Abbasi, S. The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire. Neurosurg Focus, Brasiliense LB, Workman RK, et al., National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2007, Bethesda MD.

Civil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement - 1099 Words

What does it mean to be civil disobedient people have many different interpretations of it? To be civil disobedient is to refuse to follow certain laws or to not pay any taxes or fines. It is a form of peaceful political protest you are trying to get someone s attention, in this case, the government. You are trying to make them listen to you and when they do not listen you do not do what they say. That’s what Thoreau did he grabbed their attention the only way he knows how he criticized their policies and did not pay taxes. He wanted to no part of the government and their actions he dissociated himself from them. He believes when the government or law is unjust people should refuse to follow the rule. And distance them. I believe civil disobedience has come a long way, but it is still to me the same thing when it was first mentioned. It Is expressed in certain American literature and throughout history, such as the civil rights movement. Civil disobedience still has the same meaning it had before throughout all these years. It s been relevant before and is more so now especially in our own country and in literature. On the news, you see protests hopping over civil rights like in Ferguson and with the bringing down of the confederate flag by Bree Newsome. Martian Luther King’s â€Å"Letter From A Birmingham Jail† show what they did and why they did it. They did what they had to do because they believed it was the right thing and it changed history and our own lives.Show MoreRelatedCivil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement867 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, King and many of his followers and fellow activists deeply followed the path of non-violent protest, otherwise known as civil disobedience. After being arrested during the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, King received a series of critiques from fellow clergymen stating their disapproval of his actions. Of course, Ki ng addressed a letter, now more commonly known as â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, to his critics as well as the nation in order to defend his ideology. ThoughRead MoreCivil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement881 Words   |  4 PagesIn Thoreau s essay Civil Disobedience he makes the point that bystanders are just as bad as criminals and that people should stand against unjust crimes even if it means going against the law. And to some extent I do agree because in the past people have broken unjust laws and have created change. A well-known example would be when Rosa Parks sat on the bus in the White-only seating area, which lead to important events that helped push the Civil Rights movement forward. But I think that it dependsRead MoreThe Role Of Civil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement1503 Words   |  7 PagesRanging from peaceful marches to powerful acts of civil disobedience, not only in the United States but in Central American countries such as Nicar agua. This being said, civil protests and peaceful demonstrations were not necessarily more successful in exuding change than pieces of legislation but moreso acted as a catalyst for social change, leading towards legislation that would positively impact those who protested. The concept of civil disobedience and peaceful demonstration acting as a catalystRead MoreWhat Makes A Breach Of Law An Act Of Civil Disobedience?1383 Words   |  6 Pagesact of civil disobedience? When is civil disobedience morally justified?† These are the basic questions that are asked when dealing with civil disobedience. According to John Rawls, civil disobedience is a nonviolent breach of laws by the public in order to reform or change laws or government policies. But Rawls’ concept of civil disobedience is too narrow. This raises many questions. Why should civil disobedience be non-violent? Why does the public play a large role in civil disobedience? This paperRead MoreThe Need For Civil Di sobedience Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesTo grasp the meaning of Civil Disobedience one would have to say that it means the refusal to obey the civil laws so that the government can change the policy or legislation, characterized by the use of. 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A democraticRead MoreEssay on Civil Disobedience1532 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Civil disobedience is the term assigned to actions taken by individuals to sway public opinion about laws that individuals deem unfair or unjust. Actions taken are usually nonviolent, and can include sit-ins, mass demonstrations, picket lines, and marches. Citizens are acting on their consciences, demonstrating highly advanced moral reasoning skills. Generally, these advanced skills fall into Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development, Stage Five and Six in particular. Characteristics ofRead MoreCivil Disobedience And The Apartheid1428 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout history, civil disobedience has been used to bring about change across a wide variety of civil rights issues. In India, Mahatma Gandhi used civil disobedience to nonviolently protest against the British Raj and, after a thirty-year struggle, earn independence both for himself and his people. In the United States, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. employed civil disobedience to overcome both the Jim Crow laws that had oppressed the African-American minority and the systemic racism that wasRead MoreCivil Disobedience: Cost of Change1469 Words   |  6 Pages2013 Civil Disobedience: The cost of change More than 40,000 strong activists from the Sierra Club protested at the White House to reject the Keystone XL Pipeline proposal. They protested because they the extraction of tar sand oil and moving it from Canada to Texas will pollute the groundwater in the surface (Hammel). Civil disobedience is â€Å"the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power† (Civil Disobedience). ThroughoutRead MoreBreaking the Law or Civil Desobedience Essay example1642 Words   |  7 Pagescreate a just, moral change. Whenever a law is deemed unjust, there is good reason for breaking it to achieve justice. Civil Disobedience will never be legal and those who employ it should be willing to accept the penalty that comes with breaking a law. It has been shown through historic cases, modern examples, and the core values of a democratic society that show Civil Disobedience not only works, but should be used as a tool to demonstrate the moral objectives that are being sought. Considering some

Abolition of the Death Penalty Free Essays

Jeremy Brooks Suzanne Gerbasi Coms 101-37 10/30/12 Persuasive Speech Topic: Abolition of the Death Penalty General Purpose: To Persuade Specific purpose: To persuade my audience that we should abolish the death penalty in California. Central Idea: The death penalty should be abolished because of the inefficiency of the legal system, its high economic cost, and its moral implications. I. We will write a custom essay sample on Abolition of the Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction When I joined the current debate team in high school, I knew I would have to learn to respect and accept points of view different than my own. Arguing both sides of a hot topic taught me to value the merit of my opposition’s points. With much research and an open-mind, I even came to change my opinions on many issues—including my support of California’s death penalty. After getting down to brass tacks and really looking at the facts, I concluded that the negatives far outweigh any positives of the death penalty. Along with the extremely high costs, it uses up countless hours of court time and often discriminates against certain groups of people. While other countries have moved forward and outlawed this practice, we remain clinging to an idea that is no longer practical or ethical in today’s world. California needs to abolish the death penalty and save our time, tax dollars, and innocent people’s lives. You would think that keeping someone alive for the rest of their life would be a greater financial burden then simply condemning them to their death, right? Wrong. In this counter-intuitive situation, executing a person is a much more complicated process than it seems. When you add up the costs of pre-trial legalities, the actual trials themselves, appeal court cases, and the necessary incarceration of convicts in maximum-security prisons, the total has robbed Californians of an exorbitant amount of money. Exactly how much is that? Well, a study by Judge Arthur Alarcon and Prof. Paula Mitchell  concluded that the death penalty in California has cost us more than $4 billion since 1978. Furthermore, according to the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, the death penalty policy is currently costing our state at least $137 million each year. Now compare this to the cost of a life without parole system-which would only cost the state $11. 5 million a year. Do the math; a switch to this kind of system would save more than $125 million dollars annually- that isn’t mere pocket change. Now let’s take a look at how well the death penalty works in practice. To give you a picture of how inefficient California’s death penalty system is, according to the Death Penalty Information Center- 86% of inmates die from other causes before they can be executed. This is because inmates spend their time appealing, finding expert witnesses, and looking for loopholes in the system to drag out the court process. This takes up the valuable time of our limited resources of qualified judges and lawyers. By switching to a system that gives convicted felons life without parole, we would bring inmates to a similar standard of other prisoners convicted of serious felonies. This would restore valuable court time to judges and lawyers while still making sure that the lawbreakers are given the punishment they deserve. So what happens when it actually comes to executing people? The death penalty has proven to be unfairly biased in many ways by the human rights organization Amnesty International. First of all, it is racially biased. Amnesty International’s research has found that, â€Å"Since 1977, the overwhelming majority of death row defendants (77%) have been executed for killing white victims, even though African-Americans make up about half of all homicide victims. † Secondly, the death penalty doesn’t take mental illness into account. Therefore, dozens of prisoners have been executed despite their disabilities. Third, most people sentenced to death cannot afford to hire their own attorney. This means the state has to provide them with an unmotivated lawyer who will not likely present his best case possible. In addition, political factors, chance, and location can all decide whether a person lives or dies. Do we really want to make such an important decision- condemning a person to death- when such arbitrary conditions are present? Take into account that I have not even mentioned up to now the many times we have gotten it wrong and executed or had to release innocent victims. Amnesty reports that more than 140 people have been cleared from crimes after being sentenced to die. I certainly don’t want that hanging over my conscience. To be fair, since I have said why we should abolish the death penalty I suppose it is fair to give the two main arguments in favor of the death penalty a chance. One main reason I hear people say they support the death penalty is because it is a deterrent that scares people into cooperating. However, there is no evidence to suggest that this is true. In fact, there is evidence to support that opposite. FBI data shows that the states without a death penalty have lower homicide rates on average. Also, most homicides happen on a whim- meaning the killer probably isn’t clearly thinking through the consequences of his or her actions at the time of the crime. The other argument I hear is that it is cheaper to kill someone than take care of him or her until they die. Based on the data I provided earlier we know this is false. With a strong case for the abolition of the death penalty in California, it is time to let you know what you can do to make this happen. Besides educating your friends, protesting the death penalty, and joining nonprofit organizations like Amnesty International, the most effective step you can take today to stop the death penalty is mark a yes on your ballot next to Proposition 34. Prop 34 would change our flawed policy to the life without parole option I mentioned. This would save valuable court time, taxpayers’ dollars, and ensure that we aren’t being racially biased or murdering innocent people. Any way you look at it, the death penalty needs to die. How to cite Abolition of the Death Penalty, Papers

Servant Leadership and Serving Culture †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Servant Leadership and Serving Culture. Answer: Introduction: A large number of initiatives can be taken by an organization to improve communication. The first one would be creating an environment marked by open communication in which all the members of the organization are given liberty to share their feedback as well as any criticisms against particular concerns and issues. They should also be allowed to share interesting creative and innovative ideas which often lead to successful outcome. Such an open communication environment will help in building trust and relationship. For example, if there is a conflict, the manager would call a meeting and ask all of them to clear their views, so a matter of transparency is maintained (Higg et al., 2016). Secondly, the organizations can also employ an inclusive communication strategy where all members are advised to take part in decision making process. This encourages them to deliver more productivity. Further, introducing a two-way communication is very important which will work both vertically and h orizontally. Not only seniors but also junior levels employees should have the authority to pass on information to their respective seniors. Moreover, they should make sure that the business communication has to be result oriented which will focus on acquiring fruitful results of the organization. Lastly, the organization should make use of several channels to make sure that information reached to every individual employee perfectly. These would include making proper channels like face to face conversations, meetings, posting of memos, interacting via telephones, faxes, emails, social networking sites and others. The other important strategy would be to conduct proper training where the individuals would be taught of the advantages of effective listening, delivering messages actively and honestly in an open yet gracious manners (Bunting, 2016). Being undemanding and clear-cut without being rude is very important. Communicating objectives and goal, making internal communication frien dly are very important strategies. Other includes conducting virtual meetings and managing any communication issues with proper guidance and training are important. For example, global organizational are extensively using virtual meeting over the internet in the maintenance of the work flow, taking decisions and others. There are certain differences which can be noted by the leaders and managers. Leaders are individuals who create visions, but managers are those who create goals. Leaders inspire and engage team members in turning visions into reality providing them with enthusiasm to think of and be a part of something challenging and new. Managers focus on setting goals and thereby help in measuring and achieving the goals. Secondly, when managers are considered to be the status quo, where they try to maintain the natural flow of work in the present status keeping the flow disinterested, the leaders mainly act as change agents where they embrace the strategy of innovation. Moreover, leaders are unique where they are self-aware and work actively to build their unique and unique and differentiated personal brands. They maintain transparency and are authentic. Managers are mainly seen to mimic the competencies as well as various behaviours which they learn from different individuals and thereby adopt their style of working accordingly (Bolman Deal, 2014). When leaders are known to take risks, managers are known to control risks. When leaders build relationships and mainly coach, managers build systems and processes and thereby direct the employees. Leadership mainly incorporates the attributes of change and leading people with followers. Management mainly maintains the stability of work and helps in managing work with subordinates. Leadership has long-term horizons where visions are set along a setting of direction. Management usually follows short team procedures with objectives where planning of details is done. Researchers suggest that leadership is a passion having personal charisma where cultures are shaped, and working style is proactive. Management, on the other hand, is more controlling with the exhibition of formal authority and enacting the culture with reactive work output (Long, 2017). Researchers are of the opinion that executive leadership and their support are exclusively essential for success and committing to do their part to stabilize the followers in the new organizational changed setup. Organizational changes lead to the development of a complex and dynamic environment which often becomes difficult and sudden for the employees to get adapt to it. Therefore, leaders play an important role in these situations. The first role played by them is sponsoring. They serve the role of advocates for the modifications and changes at their level in the organization. These individuals mainly take the role of representatives who kept the change in form to the team members (Jordan, 2015). While acting as sponsor, he would not let the initiatives die from lack of attention. He is always showing eagerness to make use of the political capital in order to make the change happen. In addition, a leader acts as a role model and demonstrates behaviors and attitudes which are expec ted from everyone else. By observing his ways of adaptability and the developed working styles, the employees will gradually adapt themselves and follow his footsteps for developing success and higher productivity. Employees observe the leaders for consistency between words and actions to see if the changing of their style is really providing them with benefits. Leaders hold important positions in managing and controlling resources, budgets and equipments and others. Using organizational change, leaders must influence their decision making authority and thereby choose options which will support initiatives. They are decisive and thereby can set properties that support change. Further, it is to be noted that leaders become the face as well as the voice of change participating in the effective communication. They communicate with the employees to share new information about the changes in the organization and keep people updated and offer encouragement. During the organizational chang e, different rumors and wrong information start circulating that may make the morale of the employees down. Therefore leaders play an important role in communicating the main working styles required, new initiatives, the way they would be benefitted and solve their concerns. At the end, it is to be highlighted that leaders also provide the motivation of the employees to change their mind set, develop now mindset and perspectives and get involved in the organization. Servant leadership is mainly described as the leadership of philosophy and is believed to be extremely impactful for the present generations. Unlike the traditional leadership where the main leaders experience the power by being at the top of the pyramid, servant leadership mainly believes of sharing the power and thereby putting the needs of the others first and helping individuals in developing their capabilities as high as possible. The main motive of the leadership is to serve the employees where the other leadership styles encourage the workers to serve the leader. As in this type of leadership, leaders are found to shift their mindset and serve first; they help in unlocking purpose and ingenuity in those around them (Liden et al., 2014). This results in higher performance and engaged and also fulfils the expectations of the employees. The important trait of servant leadership is listening, empathy as well as healing. They perfume awareness and persuasion along with conceptualiz ation and foresight. Besides, stewardship, commitment to growth of people and building community is also important. They are relevant as it states putting aside ego and helps in focusing on the needs of the employees without promoting self. Others are unity over divisions, power form paradox, listening and learning and spreading and sharing power which develops a working environment where each employees potential is expressed. Leadership can be defined as the capability of individuals to guide other individuals, teams and other organizations helping the team to achieve certain objectives and goals by providing the best strategies to follow and overcome barriers, reaching high potential. Autocratic leadership style believes practising complete authority over the employees without making employees participate in different decision making process (McClesky, 2014). Leaders take their own decisions and do not believe in developing a relationship with the employees. The next is a democratic relationship where leaders encourage subordinates contributions in decision making process and also believe in providing authority to responsible employees. Here communication is active, downward and upward. Transformational leadership helps in initiating change by motivating employees and empowers them in such a way that they get boosted to work beyond their capabilities and potential. Cross-cultural leadership mainly causes the leaders to maintain a working environment by developing strong bonds within employees of a different culture without the raise of any conflicts and encouraging all to input their own working styles according to their transitions. Laissez-faire leadership allows the employees to work as they choose to work with minimal or no interference. Transactional leadership involves an exchange process where employees are published or rewarded as they perform. Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Employs rewards and punishments for motivating workers Employs charisma and enthusiasm to inspire his followers Puts importance on relationship with followers (Dumdum et al., 2013) Puts emphasis on values, ideals, morals and needs of followers reactive proactive bureaucratic charismatic Environment is settled Environment is turbulent Similarity: The main similarity between the two leadership styles is their importance on motivating employees. Although their ways to motivate employees are different, but motivation is a component found in both the styles. Four important features of bureaucracy can be observed. The first one is a division of labor. Each and every organization should have different sets of people doing different sets of a job with proper role clarity so that there is no overlapping of work or missing out of jobs. The second aspect is a hierarchal authority. A true bureaucracy will need to have a proper chain of demands where set lines of authority should be present. Here each person in the bureaucracy should know whom to report and whose commands they should maintain. In this respect it is to be stated that there should be rules and regulations. There should be a set of rules which is needed to be followed. Managers can never make up rules and change them form one day to another. Bureaucracy is also impersonal (Dunleavy, 2014). This means rules and regulations as well as the disciplines and work cultures are needed to be followed by everyone on a similar rate and should not be violated by anyone due to having relationsh ips with any higher authority. Similarly, penalties and punishments should be equal for all. Another is competence and qualification. Here the employees will be hired or promoted based solely on what they know their performance. Maslows hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory which mainly comprises of five important tiers of human needs. These needs need to be fulfilled by an individual to be motivated to accomplish tasks in lives. These are the biological needs which involve biological and physiological needs like air, food, warmth, sex and sleep (Niemela Kim, 2014). Secondly is the safety needs of protection form elements, security, order, law. Third is love and belongingness. The fourth is esteem needs and the self actualization needs. References: Bolman, L., Deal, T. (2014). Leadership and management.Christian Youth Work in Theory and Practice: A Handbook, 245. Bunting, M. (2016).The Mindful Leader: 7 Practices for Transforming Your Leadership, Your Organisation and Your Life. John Wiley Sons. Dumdum, U. R., Lowe, K. B., Avolio, B. J. (2013). A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership correlates of effectiveness and satisfaction: An update and extension. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 39-70). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Dunleavy, P. (2014).Democracy, bureaucracy and public choice: Economic approaches in political science. Routledge. Higgs, M., Dulewicz, V. (2016). Leading with Emotional Intelligence.Springer International Publishing, 75-103. Jordan, P. J. (2015). The relationship between organisational culture, transformational leadership and organisational change outcomes in private intensive care units. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1). Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance.Academy of Management Journal,57(5), 1434-1452. Long, A. (2017). Leadership and management.ABC of Clinical Leadership, 5. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Niemela, P. and Kim, S., 2014. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research(pp. 3843-3846). Springer Netherlands.

Living in a Frictionless World Essay Example

Living in a Frictionless World Paper Problems that could occur in a frictionless world: One of the most known problems would be that everything will slip; there will be no friction helping the object to stay in place. One example is when you are walking, you will slip a lot because there is no friction between the ground and your foot (or what you are wearing on your feet). Another example Is that you cannot hold anything; everything you try to hold will slip off your hand. Another very dangerous Issue would be when you are driving a vehicle; the vehicle will never stop moving unless It crashed Into something. There will no longer be any alarm resistance If friction does not exist on Earth. Thus, any meteorite that Is falling towards Earths surface will have no alarm resistance to create friction which generates heat. Henceforth, the meteorite will not lose any volume. This will make life a lot more dangerous when a meteorite Is crashing onto Earth. Another concern will be that you cannot digest any of your food; this Is because it requires friction for your body to digest food. Also, whatever you digest in your body will immediately exit your body because there is no friction to hold it in your body. Thus, human will not be able to survive for too long without friction. 2. Steps to help humankind to survive and function: As stated above, human will not be able to survive for so long without friction due to he fact that their body cannot digest food or store any ingested solid or liquid. We will write a custom essay sample on Living in a Frictionless World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Living in a Frictionless World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Living in a Frictionless World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, it is require that they move to another area (parts of the world where there is still friction). Or what human could do is build restaurant in that area where there is friction for people to eat. This way, if the people eat there, their food could be digested. They should stay in that area for a couple of hours (long enough for their food to be digested).

The Difference Between Shade and Shadow

The Difference Between Shade and Shadow The Difference Between Shade and Shadow The Difference Between Shade and Shadow By Maeve Maddox Øystein Sveum Moen poses an interesting question about shade and shadow: I constantly end up in discussions whether somethings in the shade or shadow. Is there a clear definition of the difference between these two? Where I come from (Norway) we have a single word covering all forms of light blocking darkness. Both shade and shadow come from the same Old English word sceadu, shade, shadow, darkness. The general definitions given for both words are almost identical in the OED: shadow:  I. Comparative darkness.  1. a. Comparative darkness, esp. that caused by interception of light; a tract of partial darkness produced by a body intercepting the direct rays of the sun or other luminary. shade: I. Comparative darkness. 1 a. Partial or comparative darkness; absence of complete illumination; esp. the comparative darkness caused by a more or less opaque object intercepting the direct rays of the sun or other luminary. Both words have numerous uses. For example, shade can mean the ghost or spirit of someone dead. Capitalized, Shadow is a term given by Carl Jung to the aspect of the human personality formed by fears and unpleasant emotions. The OED entries for shade and shadow include about 40 different definitions for each of the words. Used in the sense of comparative darkness, the words are sometimes, but not always interchangeable. Shade is what one seeks on a hot sunny day. We sit or walk in the shade. Plants that do well in the shade are called shade-loving plants. Shadow usually refers to a shape cast by an object that blocks the sun. A person casts a shadow in the shape of the human body. Figuratively, however, one might say that a younger brother lives under the shadow or in the shade of an older brother. Both words have emotional connotations. To those of us who live in hot climates, shade has pleasant and soothing associations. Shadow is evocative of something mysterious or threatening, especially in the plural. Stalkers lurk in the shadows. As the sun sets, evening shadows fall, concealing what was formerly visible and making the ordinary strange. Addressing the difference between shade and shadow in Modern English Usage, H.W. Fowler concludes that shadow is to shade as pool is to water. He points out that shady means full of shade, but shadowy like a shadow. Shade, therefore, denotes a general state, while shadow implies a shape. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know50 Latin Phrases You Should Know12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Exit Through The Gift Shop documentary film Essay

Exit Through The Gift Shop documentary film - Essay Example Grierson developed a conviction that motion pictures could play a central role in promoting this process.† (Alternative Perth History online source). In other words, Grierson believed that films have the power to communicate problems in society to a wider audience and can inspire them to get involved with social and political issues. In the case of Exit Through The Gift Shop, this would mean that after seeing the film, an audience wouldn't 'fall into the trap' of a false street artist like Guetta and would not buy any of his merchandise or promote his work any further to be 'art'. In my critical analyses essay I argued that Banksy used his documentary film to disclose Thierry's unethical exploration of street art as he showed to an audience that Thierry is ‘no real artist’- as Banksy and other street artists state in the film. I believe Banksy’s goal was to make the audience realize that Thierry stole his ideas so that in the future they won’t buy his copycat art any more. The film also encourages us to look closer at art and be more critical in judging its value- and the artist's originality. The film's overall message was that what counts is the original idea of the artist. But at the same time I argue that Banksy also had a selfish reason why he made this film: to promote himself and his art. Hence, my thesis is that Banksy used Exit Through The Gift Shop as part of his self-promotion strategy that is based on mystery. For the purpose of this argumentative essay, I identify my audience to be cinemagoers who I want to convince that Exit Through The Bookshop is not just a documentary, but also an indirect promotional advert for Banksy and his art that is 'disguised' as a documentary. Having read numerous online reviews of Exit Of The Giftshop by film-critics and newspapers, the general opinion of journalists agrees with my statement that Banksy also used the film to promote himself. However, there are some critics who have over looked Banksy's self-promotion in the film, or don't give it much importance. For example, film critic Devin Faracu refers to this issue just to be 'self-mystification' and doesn't call it 'self-promotion'. Instead, Faracu chooses in his review to focus on the important message about street art the film communicates: ‘Exit Through the Gift Shop works on a lot of levels – as a history of the street art scene, as a look at a very strange Frenchman and his weird life, and as a conversation starter on what is good art and what is bad art. It seems to be a conversation that’s especially relevant to the street artists, as they’re working in a medium that’s illegal, looked down upon and usually the province of disaffected 14 year olds. They’re obviously doing something bigger than simple graffiti – one look at Banksy’s astonishing and moving work on the West Bank Barrier proves that.' But I argue that the film can't just be analyzed re garding what it has done to raise the profile of street art generally, but also that the film needs to be analyzed with baring in mind that it is also an advert for Banksy himself. There are several indications that Banksy carefully constructed the film as part of his self-promotion strategy: 1) He

Leadership - Bill Russell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership - Bill Russell - Essay Example However, the mentioned accolades do not exonerate the fact that just likes any other leader and human, he had his failures too. The only difference is that he did not turn his neck off his goals. In this regard, several leadership attributes can be identified from the splendid career of Russell as derived from his book the second wind. From his strengths and weaknesses, four outstanding leadership attributes can be emulated from Brussels lessons and experiences (Russell 67). These include team work and collaboration, managing change, communication, readiness to learn or agility and growth mindset and finally judgment. In addition, personal integrity, commitment and success are also captured in Brussels splendid career span. Russell’s accomplishments and failures are captured in his rules of success. His first rule is on life mission and daily learning experiences. For example he says that â€Å"we work to become, not acquire†Leardership entails learning and he recommend s that the more a person learns the more, the more he realizes that he still has a lot to learn. This rule is evident in his basketball career after he made several attempts to be included in the junior team with no success. He gives the example that he improved on his skills by regularly watching the past matches that he played. Watching the films made him identify his weakness and improve on them on subsequent matches. Some of his failures he attributed to lack of practice which sometimes fails miserably in some matches. The concept of team work is also one of his major accomplishments (Falkner and Russell 51-55). In a broader sense, he says that whenever he played well, it helped his team mates to even get better results. His key interest was not on personal achievements but using individual skills to uplift team performance. The driving factor behind his commitment he says was not to emerge the best in the entire country but to become astute to their best. Symbolically and to dr ive his message home, he explains that the basketball was his laboratory, workroom and classroom. Among the activities he cites and which formed the major aspects of his accomplishments included shooting at a rebound angle. Russell (78) notes that learning on the probability of player behavior in certain situations on how they are likely to respond are some of the things they greatly learnt. Commenting on his various awards, he says that quality and craftsmanship never happen by accident. He attributes his success in his entire basketball stint to principled intentions, intelligent directions, skillfull execution and sincere effort. He summarizes that craftsmanship in itself represents the best choice out of several alternatives. On the other hand, he cites his failures to several misjudgments and assumptions that he made during his career as a player and a coach. For example he registered several failures during his academic stint which he attributes to lack of commitment. Most of leadership strengths and weaknesses of Russell are intertwined and inclined to his accomplishment and failures. For example one his lessons outlines that craftsmanship is contagious and those players of any great team should always learn from one another. This was contrary to his personality which seemed to be so much introverted. He rarely took time to talk to his teammates and was always withdrawn (Russell 91). Despite being a great asset to

Law and ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law and ethics - Research Paper Example Additionally, the contract clause called binding effect ensures that both parties have sufficient knowledge or skill concerning the consequences of their actions (Chen-Wishart, 2012). On the other hand, labor law should focus on the rules and regulations that define minimum wage and collective action. Accordingly, provision of warranty is vital because it allows an aggrieved party to claim losses suffered or monetary damages. Overall, the defining rules should equally have collateral contracts besides the main contract to assist in case the other fails. It is crucial to comprehend the contents of a contract in relation to the clauses and limitations that are often defined by civil or penalty law. A penalty law is imposed in case a party contravenes the contents that bear a huge significance in the contract. Consequently, a penalty could assume a monetary payment or forfeiture of certain resources that are clearly spelt out in the employment contract. Alternatively, adducing supporting evidence is fundamental in cancelling a contract or invoking the civil law to receiving fine for restitution (Poole, 2012). Similarly, under the labor laws, both parties must thoroughly acknowledge the limitations of the contract. For example, the contract could either be rescinded or void depending on the emerging terms and conditions. Construction of the contract must obey the relative terms that are spelt out by employment contract or labor laws. This is because it is upon both parties to set the agendas of the bargain including subsequent rights and responsibilities. Likewise, during the construction of the contract, comprehending the implications of social subordination and economic dependence will determine the avoidance of civil penalties. Conversely, the labor laws must address the issues of bargaining power that breed inequality between individual parties the scenario usually result to conflicts and injuries

Tourism And Hospitality Management

Tourism And Hospitality Management The public sector in tourism and hospitality industry plays important role in the development of small businesses. This sector is highly important in micro sector development of the industry. The services of public sector of the tourism and hospitality industry include strategic directions that are important for the overall coherent development of the industry (Teo, 2003). The private sector of the tourism and hospitality industry plays important role in the active and passive development of the industry. This sector plays important role for transforming money from one country to the other. This sector is highly important for the economic development of tourism and hospitality industry (Teo, 2003). The third sector of tourism and hospitality industry is voluntary tourism which refers to paid activities such as formal businesses (Teo, 2003). This sector play role in terms of local communities such as difficulties regarding resident involvement. 1.2 Evaluate a range of different tourism and hospitality sectors and the organization that operate within them The tourism and hospitality industry is very broad industry which also includes service sectors such as restaurants, logging, event management, theme parks, transportations and other additional fields. The tourism and hospitality industry accounts for several billions across the world which depends on the disposal income of customers to facilitate them in leisure time. On the other hand, hospitality sector of the tourism and hospitality industry such as hotel, restaurant and other groups may also be included. On the whole, the tourism and hospitality industry can be divided into eight major segments. These are: Accommodation Events and Conferences Adventure Tourism and Recreation Tourism Services Attractions Transportation Food and Beverage Travel Trade Analyze stakeholders roles within tourism and hospitality industry The individuals, organizations or groups that have interest or stake in an organization are termed as stakeholders. Practices of organizations can have long lasting impact on the interests of stakeholders. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the interests of stakeholders. In tourism and hospitality industry, the organizations or individuals who have put capital or efforts in the establishment or development of the industry can be referred to stakeholders of the industry. In addition to this, different stakeholders in private and public sector organizations in tourism and hospitality industry can exist (Belinda, 2008). Businesses in tourism, government and communities can have stake in the tourism and hospitality industry. Tourists cannot be considered as actual stakeholders of the tourism and hospitality industry because they do not make significant money through this industry. On the other hand, they can influence the practices of the tourism and hospitality industry because they are involved in the industry from different aspects. Some of the stakeholders of the tourism and hospitality industry are as follows: Government: The most important stakeholder of the tourism and hospitality industry is government because policies and regulations of the tourism and hospitality industry are shaped by the government. In context of overall tourism and hospitality industry, government influences the practices of organizations in following respects (Belinda, 2008): By consultation with the private sector and other communities, it plans the policies of the tourism industry It ensures that the organizations in tourism and hospitality industry follow the planned policies and regulations It provides support in financial terms and guidance to the companies in tourism and hospitality industry It ensures that stability and law and order situation of the country for attracting tourists Industrialists: Industrialists are also very important stakeholders of the tourism and hospitality industry. Industrialists include travel agencies, organizations in the industry, and transport agencies. The organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry include hotels, restaurants, and shopping centers. The practices of all these organizations can affect the operations of the tourism and hospitality industry, as a whole. Industrialists can have following interests in the tourism and hospitality industry: To make investment in the tourism and hospitality industry To market their products and services in different organizations in tourism and hospitality industry such as hotels, restaurants and shopping centers To influence the companies for promoting their products and services Customers/tourists: Customers or tourists are also important stakeholders in the tourism and hospitality industry. This group of stakeholders demands value, quality and high customer care. These are the major source of money for the organizations operating in the tourism and hospitality industry (Belinda, 2008). Employees: Employees are the internal stakeholders of the tourism and hospitality industry. They have high level interest in the internal policies of the tourism and hospitality industry. They demand quality work environment, job security, compensation and truthful communication in the organizations (Belinda, 2008). Local Communities: In tourism and hospitality industry, local communities are important stakeholders. This is because they attract tourists and impact on their intentions of visiting a particular place. They can have stake in the tourism and hospitality industry in terms of job security, environment protection, promotion of local products and services and promotion of local culture and values. 1.4 Analyze the nature of changes to the structure of tourism industry over last 15 years? Over the last fifteen years, several changes have occurred in the tourism and hospitality industry. These changes may include change in oil prices which led to changes in charges of fuel in airlines Increased capacity of aviation on different routes which attract tourists to the tourism and hospitality industry low international airfares and cheap packages of travel with discounts which attract tourists towards the tourism and hospitality industry Trends in consumer demographics which change the behavior of customers for tourism law and order situation in different countries Terrorism factor which reduces the tourism in certain countries On the whole, trends in demographics of customers impact the consumer behavior in the tourism and hospitality industry. It is important for the organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry to make important steps regarding strategic management relevant to these changes. Organizations should make relevant policies to attract customers. Task Two: Marketing Report 2.1 Analyse issues around sustainability and sustainable development in tourism and apply management strategies accordingly The sustainable issues in the tourism and hospitality industry refer to the environment protection. It is important for the organizations to apply certain policies regarding these issues to resolve the problems and disagreements. In the global context, the sustainability issues are very important. Organizations need to develop relevant strategies regarding the sustainable development. On the long term basis, organizations need to develop local as well as global strategies for attracting customers and ensuring sustainable development. This is because of integration of sustainable issues across the world. There are many issues in local context which may impact the sustainability in global aspects. Therefore, organizations should integrate their local and global strategies for ensuring sustainability in global tourism and hospitality industry. 2.2 Evaluate certain ways in which tourism can be managed in a sustainable way with reference to given examples There are three major ways through which sustainability issues in global tourism and hospitality industry. These are: Resource based tradition: In this method limitations to growth in hospitality industry are evaluated in resource context Activity based tradition: This refers to the transformation of hospitality industry on dynamic activities Community based tradition: This refers to the integration of resources and activities in the hospitality industry 2.3 Apply principles of corporate social responsibility to a chosen tourism business The corporate social responsibility refers to the commitment of the business to ethical and economic development. In tourism and hospitality industry, corporate social responsibility issues are highly important. These issues relate to the health and safety conditions. Moreover, commitment towards employees, customers and shareholders are also included in this context (Bhattacharya, 2011). The Savoy Hotel needs to be commitment towards environment in broad sense to fulfill its responsibility towards society. On the whole, Savoy Hotel needs to show its responsibility towards following sectors: Workplace Community Marketplace Environment Task Three: Market Research 3.1 Apply PESTLE analysis to describe the main trends in global tourism industry A business tool that evaluates the different factors of external environment of an organization is termed as PESTEL analysis. This tool analyzes the political, environmental, social, technological, legal and economic perspectives of the environment in which organizations operate. In perspective of tourism and hospitality industry, this tool determines that whether the industry is suitable or not for investment (Miriam, 2011). The PESTEL analysis of global tourism and hospitality industry is as follows: Political Factors Political factors refer to the extent to which government impacts the operations of the organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry. The important political factors such as health protection laws, tax rates, law and order situation and political stability can influence the operations of the organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry. In the global context, political situation in the Middle East can impact the tourism. Moreover, in countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan, where terrorism threats are high, tourism and hospitality industry is declining. Economic Factors Economic factors cal also the operations of the tourism and hospitality industry. These factors can influence the revenues and expenses of the organizations operating in the tourism and hospitality industry. The prices of products, raw materials and inflation can impact the industry. Rates of interest and exchange rates can also influence the industry. Financial downturn in the world decreased the purchasing power of the customers and tourists. In this way, overall revenues of the tourism and hospitality industry were impacted in that financial crisis. Social Factors Social factors may have long lasting impact on the practices of organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry. Health conscious behavior of customers may impact their purchasing behavior in the hotels and restaurant segment of the tourism and hospitality industry (Butler, 2004). Culture and religious practices of people in a particular country may also impact the practices of organizations in tourism and hospitality industry. Technological Factors Technological practices impact the demand and supply factors in the tourism and hospitality industry. Technological efficiency in the tourism and hospitality industry may enhance the demand. If the food technology is efficient in the tourism and hospitality industry, organizations in the restaurants and hotels can have high demand from customers. Organizations can prepare food quickly to meet the demand. Technology may also impact the relationship of organizations in tourism and hospitality industry with the customers. Efficient technologies can impact customer relationship management in the tourism and hospitality industry. Environmental Issues There are several environmental factors which influence the practices of organizations in tourism and hospitality industry. Packaging decisions are the major considerations in the tourism and hospitality industry. The practices of organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry which cause pollution may impact the image of the organizations in global context. Global warming, climatic conditions in different regions can also influence the practices of organizations in tourism and hospitality industry. Legal Issues There are many legal issues which impact the policies of tourism and hospitality industry. Rules and regulations regarding food practices can impact the organizations in restaurant sector of the tourism and hospitality industry. Laws regarding operating business in a foreign country can also impact the operations of the tourism and hospitality industry. 3.2 Distinguish between the elements of macro and micro environment The macro environment of an organization is a broad environment which aims at the investigation of major issues. This environment is basically refers to PESTEL environment analysis that allows the researchers to focus at the factors which impact a business in external and broad environment context. These factors may include economic, social, technological, political, environmental and legal factors. These factors impact the organization in different contexts. It is very important for the organizations to adapt to these factors in an effective manner. The results of PESTEL analysis allow the organization to see the factors where its strengths can be capitalized. Micro environment refers to a small environment which aims at investigation of a research problem in a small perspective. This environment refers to new patterns of organizations. This environment may include internal and small external environment of an organization. Internal environment may include employees and management. On the other hand, external environment may include suppliers, customers, and competitors. Both types of environment are highly important for the organizations to see their effectiveness for the operations of the business. 3.3 Analyze the effects of macro and micro environmental factors on tourism organization Political factors: Improvement in the trade barriers and opening of new tourism avenues can enhance the scope of Sovay Hotel for tourism (McKercher, 1993) Economic factors: Low bargaining power of customers and clients reduce the tourism revenues of Sovay Hotel Environmental factors: high concerns of environment such as pollution influence the Sovay Hotel to mold its practices in environment friendly mode Legal factors: Laws and regulations in tourism industry impact the Sovay Hotel to mold its practices according to laws Social factors: behaviors of customers towards healthy food impacts the policies of Sovay Hotel to offer healthy food to customers Technological factors: improvement in technologies and transportation influence the Sovay Hotel to reframe its practices for attracting customers and tourists 4. Task Four: Sustainability Corporate Social Responsibility 4.1 Evaluate the stages of market research process Defining the Problem or Need: The first stage of the market research process is defining the problem or need. Before conducting the market research, the organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry need to identify the main problem or need of the research. They need to conduct investigation to discuss the need of conducting research and define the problems of the organizations. This stage defines the problems or issues that prevail in the organizations and hinder its performance. In order to find the solution of the problems, research is conducted. Deciding the researcher After defining the problem or need of the research in the organization, the next stage is to decide about the researcher who will conduct the research to resolve the prevailing issues. This stage refers to the formulation of analytical framework or methodology for conducting the research. The researcher creates case studies of the organization to make exact framework for the research. Deciding the methodology After defining problem and researcher, the next step is to decide about the methodology of the research. This stage refers to the exploration of different methodologies and frameworks for conducting research. These frameworks may include interview, survey or secondary data. It is very important to decide appropriate methodology relevant to the need of the market research. Relevant methodology aims at finding exact solution of the prevailing problems of the organizations (Baker, 2000). There can be qualitative or qualitative methodology for conducting the research. In qualitative methods, discussions are conducted with the relevant members for finding the solution of the prevailing problems. Qualitative methodology refers to the investigation of the problems in theoretical manner. On the other hand, quantitative methodology aims at finding the solution f research problems in quantitative terms. This methodology aims at investigating the research problems in numeric terms. Survey is th e best tool for conducting quantitative research. There is another methodology which is used to conduct market research. This methodology is mix f qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Many researchers suggest that mixed methodology is effective for finding the justified and logical answers of research questions. Data Collection Process After deciding the research methodology and researcher, the next stage is the data collection process. At this stage, research design is produced for the research. This stage defines the appropriate framework through which research is planned. Aims and objectives of the research are defined at this stage of market research (Saunders et al., 2009). This stage defines that what type of data is to be included in the research. Basically, there are two types of data i.e. primary and secondary. Primary data is the data which does not exists in the earlier records. This type of data is collected for the first time. This data is the most fresh and recent data. Researchers need this data to find the solution of problems. The advantages of this type of data are low biasness, relevance and logical results of research problems. On the other hand, secondary data is the data which exists in the earlier records. This type of data exists in the books, articles and other data bases. Researchers inclu de this data in the research to investigate the issues in theoretical terms. In order to investigate the research problem through secondary data, researchers study existing theories and models regarding the problem. This data is easy to collect. There are specific tools for collecting primary and secondary data. In order to collect primary data, survey, interview, focus group discussions or observations are used. On the other hand, secondary data can be collected through books, articles, newspapers and reports. Whatever the data is, the important consideration is to adopt relevant data tool which can investigate the research problem in effective manner. Data Analysis After collection of data, the next stage is to analyze data to find the answers if research questions in an effective manner. At this stage, data analysis techniques are discussed and decided. Data analysis must be relevant to the aims and objectives and research methodology. If data analysis technique is irrelevant to research methodology, justified and logical answers of research question cannot be obtained. Before analyzing data, it is important to present data in tables and appropriate transcripts so that reader can get deep insight of the research. Data analysis must be very effective so that relevant individuals can get benefits from the research findings. If analysis is not appropriate, management cannot get benefit from the market research to decide the solution of problems prevailing in the organizations. Conclusion and Presenting the Report The last stage of market research process is presentation of data and conclusion. This stage is highly important for the researchers as well as for management who are responsible for deriving answers of research questions. It is very important for the researchers to present the findings in an effective manner so that management can take decisions regarding the prevailing problems in the organization. The researcher needs to communicate the findings of the research in an effective manner. In market research, management does not take interest in the details of the research process but takes high interest in the findings and conclusion. This is because management has to take decisions regarding prevailing organizational problems. Therefore, if findings are not presented logically and effectively, managements effectiveness in decision making is impact. It is very important for the researcher to present logical and justified recommendations regarding the research problems so that manageme nt can take help in decision making. 4.2 Provide a justified proposal for a suitable market research plan for a given organization For the Savoy Hotel, following research plan is proposed in the following stages: Aim and Objectives Data Collection Data Analysis Results and Conclusion Recommendations In analyzing services provided by Savoy hotel elegant dà ©cor services with stylish Italian architecture for key attraction has been provided. The Florence atmosphere with classic marble and mosaic bathrooms with enjoyable and exhilarating experience attracts customers all around. 4.3 Understand the difference between qualitative and quantitative research and evaluate when each might be appropriate Qualitative research is basically exploratory research which aims at obtaining reasons, motivations and opinions regarding the research questions. This type of research is conducted through development of hypothesis in quantitative terms (Saunders et al., 2009). This research is used to discover the thoughts, trends and opinions regarding a particular research problem. Qualitative research methods investigate a particular problem in theoretical terms; there are different methods which are used to conduct qualitative research. These methods may include semi structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. In order to conduct qualitative research, small research sample is selected from the entire population. On the other hand, quantitative research codifies the research problem through numerical data which can be converted into appropriate statistics. This research method is applied in market research to identify the attitudes, behaviors, opinions and suggestions in quantitative terms. The aim of this type of research is to generalize the results on a large sample (Russ and Preskill, 2001). Quantitative research is used to uncover the aims and objectives of the research in quantitative terms. There are several methods through which quantitative research can be conducted. These methods may include surveys, face to face interviews, website interceptors and online polls. This type of research focuses on quantities and numeric for finding the solution of research problems. On the basis of statistics and numeric analysis, quantitative research finds the answers of research questions. On the other hand, qualitative research focuses on qualities such as behaviors and attitudes in real manner. The results of qualitative research are presented theoretically rather than numerically (Russ and Preskill, 2001). Quantitative research is applied at the scenarios where aim is to generalize the result on a large population. On the other hand, qualitative research methods are applied on the scenarios where aim is to discover problem in an organizational setting and find solution of problems. 4.4 Evaluate different research methodologies based upon a given scenario There are different types of research methodologies which are implemented on particular scenarios. Each research methodology focuses on particular aims and objectives (Saunders et al., 2009). Some of the research methodologies are as follows: Quaitative research This is first type of qualitative research methodology which refers to investigation of the research problem in theoretical terms. This type of research methodology aims at investigation of research problem in words. In social sciences, qualitative research is conducted. This type of research is conducted in a natural setting so that researchers can get deep insight of the research problem. Quantitative research The second type of research methodology is quantitative research which is used to determine the relationship between different factors. The nature of relationship is quantitative. Mixed research Mixed methodology refers to mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. This type of research methodology is recommended by the researchers for finding logical and justified answers of research questions. Action research This research model refers to studying a particular problem and accomplishing its aims at the same time (Saunders et al., 2009). Conclusion Recommendation Explain each of the 7PS and apply them to a chosen organization Product: The Sovay hotel offers services to customers with hotel, restaurants and accommodation service that manage business activities in effective manner. Hotels Restaurants Spas Amigo BocconiRistorante Browns Hotel Browns Lincontro Charles hotel Augustine HIX Mayfair Hotel De Russie Verdura Golf and Spa Verdura Golf and Spa Verdura Golf Spa Resort Rocco Forte hotel Parioli The Balmoral Villa Kennedy Rocco Forte Hotel Hotel Astoria Astoria Gusto Rocco Forte hotel Price: The price of room, suites and halls varies with consumer demand. The Edwardian Elegance Suite package 785  £ Every ones an original winter offer 300 £ Savoy festive package 395 £ Savoy Splendor 295 £ Savoy Suite Treat 775 £ Sundays at the Savoy package 250 £ Bed breakfast package 305 £ Cabaret Theatre package 540 £ Impression package 495 £ The Savoy element package 825 £ Top hat theatre package 465 £ The variance in prices in accordance with consumer demand present effective ways of accommodation, theatre package, dinner manage global event and meeting solution. Placement: The strategies regarding placement are as follows: Savoy family Suite One king and two twin beds Junior Suite One king bed Deluxe Junior Suite One king bed Savoy Suite One king or one queen bed River view junior suite One king bed Edwardian Suite One Queen bed Art Deco Suite One king bed Art Deco two bedroom suite One king bed River view deluxe suite One king bed Personality Suite One king bed Personality Art Deco Suite One king bed Promotion: 24 hour Butler service, tea and coffee service, Audio i-pod service, unpacking service of arrival, fresh flower, daily news paper , magazine selection, leather desk manage to gather effective promotion services. In perspective of consumer demand dining , meetings and activities were offered. Global event and meeting solutions relevant to prestigious revenue services, divine dances with family oriented , personal or signature packages entertain customers. Fairmont Gold Guests, honor bar, relaxing comfort , continental breakfast services were offered Family travel Mayan, Hawaiian culture with resort, games and museum attractions were offered Fairmont Golf Luxury, lodging and property facility for elegant accommodation Fairmont gift cards Award winning restaurants, denomination and currency spas Celebration life Favorable places for positive celebration of life experience Physical Evidence: The services of hotel and restaurants in Canada, United states, Asia, Europe, Mexico, Caribbean and Bermuda, Middle East and Africa in different regions attracts customers. In areas like Dubai, Jakarta, Moscow, Riyadh ,Baku ,Austin and Amman attracts customers all over region. People: On website (http://www.fairmont.com/explore/family/) in different languages like English, France, Denmark, Arabic and Chinese were offered. Login and search offers were presented in accordance with family travel, restaurants and bars. Process: Facilities were offered with appropriate customer needs and advancement. Most of people all over region gain information through web portals as featured offers like celebrations, culture, discovery, family, food and wine, green and internet were offered. Evaluate the four segmentation criteria and be able to recommend a suitable market segment for a given organization Savoy hotel is famous for excitement and glamorous sparkling services to customers all over region. People of every cast, sect and culture had been offered with excellent services of like guest services including babysitting, bell staff, check inout, housekeeping and pet policy. Business service offered includes CD burning, DVD playing, High speed internet access, Microsoft application and VAT refunding service. Similarly Butler services for in-suite check-in and orientation, drink on arrival, complimentary pressing, wake -up call system, dressing service, travelling consultant and personal shopping to entertain services were offered. Wedding planning and event management system for private rooms, Banqueting rooms and high class customer services to entertain customers were offered. Special promotion offers with customer needs and wants for promotion and money compensation for presenting positive image were offered. Dinning, meeting and photo entertainment facility that improves cust omer attraction manage to gather user attention. Signature offers SANTA Monica, Bab AL Bahr, Fairmont Le Chateau Frontenac and Jasper park lodging service to attract target audience manage to attract customers. SPA and bathing offers to attract customer and made them treatment oriented for perfect customer association with user demand. The differentiation strategy to entertain customers all over region manages to attract customers all over region. The management of hotel and restaur

The Powerful Words of Amy Tan, Maxine Hairston, and Mike Rose Essay

The Powerful Words of Amy Tan, Maxine Hairston, and Mike Rose The power of words is immeasurable. Words help people to voice their opinions and express their thoughts and feelings. Our everyday lives are shaped by communication and in general language. A persons language can often influence success and happiness. America is viewed as a melting pot for numerous different people and their respective languages. Language is so vital in our society that a person of diverse ethnic background can face many tribulations throughout their everyday life. Many renowned writers and other professionals have expressed their personal opinion about the value of words over the last few years. Chinese-American author Amy Tan is one of the many writers who understand the importance of the simplest words in the English language. Tan, author of the Joy Luck Club, was born and raised in San Francisco by her Chinese parents. Tan graduated from high school and pursued her college education at five different universities from 1969 through 1976. Contrary to what her teachers had always tried to push on her, Tan steered away from studies in math and science and earned her B.A. in English and Linguistics. She describes that her educational choices were rebellious in nature. In Tans essay she describes the hardships of growing up with a mother who encountered problems with the English language. When I was growing up, my mothers limited English limited my perception of her, Tan explains. She describes situations where her mother was treated rudely and explains that apologies were always proposed when Tan would interrupt with flawless English. Tan also discusses the educational problems that multicultural students have within the classroom today. She ... ...ven the impression that it would harm her childrens education. The essays written by Tan, Hariston and Rose all address an issue within our educational system that demands immediate attention. In the land of the free with so many various freedoms for citizens, every student should be proud of their own ethnic background. Never should students be steered away from their goals or looked down upon because of their grammatical abilities. Overall students should be proud of their ethnic background and proud at the same time to be an American. Works Cited Hairston, Maxine. Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing. College Composition and Communication 43.2 (May1992): 179-195. Rose, Mike. Lives on the Boundary: The Struggles and Achievements of Americas Underpreparred. New York: Free Press, 1989. Tan, Amy. "Mother Tongue". Three Penny Review. 1990.